Financial Ratios: TESCO and J. Sainsbury Essay

1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to conduct a comparative ratio analysis of the financial statements of J. Sainsbury PLC and Tesco PLC for the year-ending 2013. The financial information that is provided from each company’s annual report and the comparison between them will help possible users of this analysis to understand not only the differences between these two companies but also each company’s weaknesses and strengths. Below, the profiles of the two companies will be referred as well as eight accounting ratios for each company will be presented in order to have the appropriate financial information to analyse. Furthermore, the possible users of this analysis will be identified and all their differing information requirements will be mentioned. Finally, there will be provided a short discussion on the importance of supplementing financial analysis with non-financial considerations and a general conclusion will be made which will contain a summary of the main findings of this report. 1 .1 Tesco’s PLC profile Tesco PLC (Public Limited Company) is a food retail company which operates in nine markets with 923 stores across the world. It employs more over 240,000 people which sell its products giving access to 260 million people (Tesco PLC., 2014). Over the past five years, Tesco has expanded from the UK’s supermarkets into new countries with new products and services including a major non-food business. More specifically, the company has started to sell electrical devices, internet shopping, toys, sports equipment, home entertainment, home shop, cook shop and furniture. Also it provides financial services in cooperation with Royal Bank of Scotland serving 3.4  million customers which reveals the company’s intentions to expand in new markets. 1.2 J. Sainsbury’s Profile Sainsbury PLC is engaged in grocery and related retailing. The company’s activities are organised into three segments which are retailing (supermarkets and convenience), financial services (Sainsbury’s Bank), and Property investments (The British Land Company PLC and Land Securities PLC) (Reuters, 2014). The Company employs around 150,000 people and it operates over 1,000 stores acquiring 572 supermarkets and 440 convenience stores. The Company also acquires an online entertainment company, Global Media Vault Limited and HMV Group plc’s holding in Anobii Limited, a social network and online retailer of e-books. 2. Financial-accounting information and ratios According to Roger Hussey (Hussey, 1999), the financial accounting information is primarily concerned with communicating a ‘true and fair view’ of the financial performance and financial position of an entity to external parties in accordance with established principles, legal requirements and accounting standards. The general purpose of financial statements is to provide information that is useful to a wide range of users for making economic decisions and assessing the organizational management (IFRS, 2014). Accounting ratios are related with this information and their purpose is to describe a quantitative relationship between two values permitting the comparison of company’s performance with the previous years, competitors and with the industry benchmarks. Below, profitability, liquidity, working capital control and financial risk ratios will be presented and compared for the two companies providing the appropriate financial information. 2.1 Profitability and efficiency ratios The main objective of a financial statement analysis is to value a firm’s equity securities which mean that the firm has to ensure its profitability for the future (Mackenzie et al., 2013). Profitability and efficiency ratios are used by financial information users in order to assess the firm’s operating performance. They provide information about how much profit the firm makes in relation with its sales and how efficiently the business is using its assets to generate revenue. 2.1.3 Return on capital employed (ROCE) is a financial ratio that measures the percentage return on the total funds employed in the business and shows how effective management is in generating revenue and controlling costs. TESCO plc has slightly a bigger ROCE percentage than its comparable company J. Sainsbury which fact for some people would be irrelevant but if it will be examined in depth it can be comprehended that TESCO company has a better management because it uses more efficiently its capital. 2.1.3 Asset turnover ratio TESCO GROUP Asset turnover ratio  £m Sales revenue 64,826 Capital employed 22,550 Asset turnover (%) 287,47 % J. Sainsbury Asset turnover ratio  £m Sales revenue 23,303 Capital employed 9,580 Asset turnover (%) 243,24% Asset (or capital) turnover ratio measures how many times the capital employed was turned over during the year to achieve the revenue which fact indicates the efficiency of the company’s deployment of its assets. The above tables show that even though the two companies surpass the rank of one hundred percent which means that their capital employed was turned over at least one time during 2013, TESCO exceeds J. Sainsbury for 44, 23 %. This fact demonstrate that TESCO deploys almost a half time more efficiently its assets than J. Sainsbury and in accounting terms it is explained as 2.87 dollars were generated per dollar of assets 2.2 Liquidity and working capital control 2.2.1 Current ratio TESCO GROUP Current ratio  £m Current assets 13,096 Current liabilities 5,889 Current Ratio x:1 2.22:1 J. Sainsbury Current ratio  £m Current assets 1,914 Current liabilities 3,115 Current Ratio x:1 0.61:1 Current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures the ability of the company to meet its short-term obligations (liabilities) such as debt and payables with its short-term assets such as cash, receivables and inventory. TESCO’s current ratio is estimated to 2.22:1 and it absolutely does not seem to have any liquidity problem in the business in contrast to J. Sainsbury company which current ratio is estimated to 0.61:1. More specifically, these numbers show that TESCO had 2.22 dollars of current assets for each dollar of current liabilities and J. Sainsbury had 0.61 dollars of current assets for every dollar of current liabilities. These results reveal a liquidity problem that J. Sainsbury has which means that the firm can not pay its short term obligations properly. However this does not necessarily mean that the company will be a bankrupt in the near future if it will not pay its short-term liabilities for some small period of time but it is definitely a bad sign of not good f inancial health and it is required from the company to access more financing sources in order to overcome this problem. 2.2.2 Quick ratio TESCO GROUP Quick ratio  £m Current assets 13,096 Inventories (3,744) Current liabilities 5,889 Current Ratio x:1 1.58:1 J. Sainsbury Quick ratio  £m Current assets 1,914 Inventories (987) Current liabilities 3,115 Current Ratio x:1 0.29:1 Quick ratio is an another liquidity ratio and it is very similar to current ratio but the difference from these two ratios is that quick ratio is more conservative because it shows the relationship between liquid assets (from which the inventory is excluded) and current liabilities in contrast to the other ratio. The results are almost the same except the ratio numbers. TESCO has 1.58 dollars of liquid assets available per one dollar of current liabilities and J. Sainsbury has 0.29 of liquid assets for each dollar of current liabilities. The problem for J. Sainsbury remains the same as the company has a bad finance health because it cannot meet properly its short -term obligations. 2.2.3 Inventory Turnover and holding ratio TESCO GROUP Inventory Turnover ratio  £m Cost of sales 60,737 Inventories 3,744 Inventory Turnover ratio 16.22 J. Sainsbury Inventory Turnover ratio  £m Cost of sales 22,026 Inventories 987 Inventory Turnover ratio 22.31 Inventory turnover ratio measures the times that an inventory was sold and replaced over a specific period of time. A low turnover ratio indicates low sales and simultaneously an excess in the inventory of the company which can lead to liquidity problems. On the other hand, a high turnover shows that the firm either has good sales or it implies ineffective buying of its products which mean that the company buys small quantities of product very frequently for a higher price than this that it would get if it would buying bigger quantities leading to a shortage or an inadequate inventory. TESCO during 2013, has turned over its inventory 16.22 times which is 6.09 lesser than J. Sainsbury’s turnover which is estimated to 22.31 times for the same year. This means that in comparison with J. Sainsbury even though that TESCO is a bigger company, in relation with both companies’ capabilities TESCO seemed to have an excess in the inventory which reveals the fact that the company w as dropped out from its expectations in contrast to J. Sainsbury. More products in the inventory implies more cost for the firms so both of them and more specifically TESCO have to improve its ability to liquidate  its stocks from the inventory. 2.2.4 Inventory holding ratio TESCO GROUP Inventory holding period ratio  £m Inventories 3,744 Cost of sales 60,737 Inventory holding period ratio 22.49 days J. Sainsbury Inventory holding period ratio  £m Inventories 987 Cost of sales 22,026 Inventory holding period ratio 16.35 days Similarly to the inventory turnover ratio, inventory holding period ratio shows the period of time (days) that stocks were kept in the company’s inventory. A low inventory holding period indicates that stocks that were kept in the inventory were for a small period of time. Accordingly happens when the inventory holding period is high which means that stocks in there are kept for a long period of time. According to Japanese industry statistical website (M&A BANK Co. LTD, 2014), the average inventory turnover for food retail companies such as TESCO and J. Sainsbury, is 34.44 days. The fact that TESCO has a bigger inventory turnover is illustrated in the inventory holding period for both companies. For each inventory turnover, TESCO was keeping its inventory for 22.49 days and J. Sainsbury for 16.35.  These results lead to the same conclusions of inventory turnover statements that were mentioned above. 2.2.3 Receivables collection period TESCO GROUP Receivables collection period ratio  £m Trade receivables 2,525 Sales revenue 64,826 Receivables collection period ratio 3.89 days J. Sainsbury Receivables collection period ratio  £m Trade receivables 306 Sales 23,303 Receivables collection period ratio 4.79 days The receivable collection period ratio measures the period of time (days) that the company awaits to collect receivables from its clients. A low receivable collection period indicator shows that the company collects its dues from its clients quickly. If this indicator is too low, then it is understandable that the firm does not offer credit facilities to its clients resulting loss in business. On the other hand, when there is a high receivable collection period indicator it is obvious that the company have some difficulties collecting receivables from its clients. TESCO seems to take its receivables almost one day earlier (3.89 days) than J. Sainsbury (4.79 days) which fact mentions again the difference in the liquidity of these two companies. J. Sainsbury which has a liquidity problem has to collect more efficiently its receivables from customers to empower liquidity  as much possible improving its financial position in the market. 2.3 Financial Risk and debt to equity ratio Financial risk shows the possibility of failure in an investment that an investor would have if he would have invest in a company with debt that would not have meet its financial liabilities (ЛÐ ¸Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'…, 1999). TESCO GROUP Debt to equity ratio  £m Non-current liabilities 14,483 Total equity 16,661 Debt to equity ratio 86.92 % J. Sainsbury Receivables collection period ratio  £m Non-current liabilities 3,846 Total equity 5,734 Debt to equity ratio 67,07 % Debt to equity ratio measures the percentage that corresponds to debt and equity of a company. A high debt to equity ratio means that the company has developed with a big amount of debt which can lead to big interest and would have an impact on shareholder’s earnings or even it would lead to a bankruptcy in an extreme case. In the above table, TESCO shows a debt to equity ratio estimated to 86.92 % and J. Sainsbury 67.07 % which is lower for 19.85 % in relation with the first company. It is obvious that TESCO in  the previous year was aggressively financing its growth than J. Sainsbury which means that the company has many liabilities and it is already on the red line to start facing the consequences of a such high ratio. 3. Users of financial analysis and their information requirements According to Gokul Sinha (Sinha, 2009), â€Å"financial statements are the means of providing information to the various users for their decision making but users are different and accordingly, their needs are also different.† In the below table (Table 1.0) the seven categories of the users of financial analysis will be presented with all of their differing information requirements and potential decisions. 4. The importance of supplementing financial analysis with non-financial statements Non-financial considerations were always a great tool for companies which had the knowledge how to use them. Christopher Ittner and David Larcker (Christopher Ittner, 2000) have stated that by supplementing financial analysis with non-financial statements, the organization creates a closer link to the long-term strategies of it. More specifically non-financial data make the companies to communicate different informational objectives with managers, providing them motivation in order to plan long-term strategies in the future. Moreover they referred that some critics argue that intangible assets such as customer loyalty and intellectual capital are the drivers of success for many companies in different industries and they have to pay more attention on these two. Finally, both authors mentioned about the accompanied noise of non-financial data about which the managers must be aware in order to determine how much success they will get if they make their actions which will lead to a maximizing effect on the organizational performance. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, the profiles and activities of TESCO plc and J. Sainsbury were detailed as well the mean of the financial-accounting information was explained. Furthermore, there were presented two ratios from each of profitability, liquidity, working capital control categories and one ratio that describes the financial risk for both of companies. Afterwards the users of the financial analysis were referred and all of their differing requirements were described. Finally, there was a reference on the importance of supplementing financial analysis with non-financial statements as well as the capabilities of using non-financial considerations. Bibliography Christopher Ittner, D.L., 2000. Mastering Management series. Financial Times. Hussey, R., 1999. Oxford Dictionary of Accounting. Oxford: Oxford University Press. IFRS, 2014. IFRS Foundation. [Online] London: IFRS Foundation Available at: http://www.ifrs.org [Accessed 18 April 2014]. Kirk, A., 2014. Chron. [Online] Available at: http://www.chron.com [Accessed 19 April 2014]. M&A BANK Co. LTD, 2014. EDIUNET Industry Avg. [Online] Available at: http://industry.ediunet.jp [Accessed 19 April 2014]. Mackenzie, B. et al., 2013. Wiley IFRS 2013: Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Maynard, J., 2013. Financial Accounting, Reporting, and Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reuters, 2014. http://uk.reuters.com. [Online] Available at: http://uk.reuters.com [Accessed 18 April 2014]. Sinha, G., 2009. Financial Statement Analysis. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private. Tesco PLC., 2014. Global Sources. [Online] Available at: http://www.globalsources.com [Accessed 18 April 2014]

The Law of Intention

The law of intention, following the cases of Woollin [1999] 1 AC 82 and Matthews [2003] 3 Cr App R 30, is now satisfactorily defined in the criminal law. Intention, normally means desire to aim at something. However, in criminal law, mens rea known as ‘guilty mine’, it requires two distinguishable intentions which are direct intention as well as oblique intention, and apart from, also recklessness. Direct intention means the consequences of the action is desired specifically, just like murder. Defendant is purposed to achieve the death or the grievous bodily harm (GBH) of the victim R v Mohan [1975].Oblique intention also known as foresight intent, means the consequence which the defendant is not desired, however, it is going to happen when he goes ahead with his acts (Law teacher, 2012). An unsurprising side-effect would result when defendant is achieving some other consequences R V Nedrick [1986]. Under these situations, the court will remind the jury to consider how p robable the consequence was foreseen by the defendant. Generally, recklessness means to take an unjustified risk. It covers the case of harm such as manslaughter or criminal damage.Objective and subjective test will be applied respectively in different cases. In other words, intention could be the worst culpability in mens rea. Follow up would be the recklessness. In the case of R v Woollin [1999], the defendant loose temper with his three-month-old son, and picked the baby up and thrown him to a hard surface. The baby’s skull was fractured and dead afterwards. The defendant was convicted for murder, however, the court quashed and convicted of manslaughter substituted. In this case, the court of appeal upheld that there was a substantial risk, which the child could suffer from serious bodily harm.Substantial risk means the act of the defendant made a strong and significant cause to the death of the victim. The judge directed the jury that the consequence of the act is foresee able by throwing the child to a hard surface. However, the defendant appealed that ‘the court of appeal had widen the definition of murder and should have referred to virtual certainty instead of the jury must find the intention’ (e-lawresources, n. d. ). The appeal was rejected. Virtual certainty is defined as ‘the result will occur unless something completely unexpected occurs’ (Herring, 2012 p. 41). The House of Lord held that the jury is not entitled to infer the intention but only if the defendant realized and the death or the grievous bodily harm was a virtually certain result. Therefore, the appeal allowed in House of Lord and the conviction of manslaughter substituted. Parliament stated clearly that when defendant could foresee the death would be the result of the act did not represent that the defendant intended for murder R v Moloney [1985]. By following this case, the oblique intention can be said to being satisfactorily defined in the criminal l aw.In the case of R v Matthews and Alleyne [2003], the victim was thrown to the river after robbing by the defendants. Before being thrown into the river, the victim had stated that he was not able to swim as he lost his glasses in the attack. However, the defendants ignored what the victim’s said and thrown him to river and watching him drown. Two of them are convicted of murder. As similar as the Woollin case, the judge had directed the jury that to consider whether the consequence of act was foreseeable in order to find out the intention to kill.The court upheld that finding of intent would be ‘irresistible’ (Herring, 2012 p. 141). Defendants appealed against their conviction. However, the Court of Appeal affirmed the conviction. In English law, there is no strict definition on intention is, also there is no direct link between the foresight of consequence and intention. Foresight of consequence must not be an intention. It is clear that jury was not entitled to infer intention unless the death or the serious bodily harm was a virtual certainty.Obviously, in the above case, the result which may not be the defendants’ aim at, that is the death of the victim, may not be the defendants’ final willingness. The result may not be the virtually certain result of their actions. Moreover, the defendants even did not realize that the result was not a virtually certain result of their actions, and therefore, they did not intent the result. That is, this case would be another example to explain oblique intention can be said to being satisfactorily defined in the criminal law.Apart from those examples of oblique intention, the law of intention has also satisfactorily defined in the case of DPP v Smith [1960]. The defendant was asked to drop off from the car after stolen goods. However, he refused to do it and the police jumped onto the bonnet of the car. Defendant drove with high speed in order to get the police off. He swerving from si de to side and until the police was thrown and killed. Defendant was convicted of murder (e-lawresources, n. d. ). The court held it was clear that he had intent to cause serious bodily harm or even intent to kill.The judge directed the jury that if they are satisfied that GBH or the death of the victim would be the result in the consequence of his act. Therefore, the jury convicted him of murder. The defendant appealed against the conviction with the reason that ‘subjective test’ should apply. However, the House of Lord affirmed the conviction and held that the objective test was applicable. Generally, if the result of defendant’s act is virtually certain which can cause grievous bodily harm or death, the jury is entitle to find that he intended the result.The verdict would be guilty of murder or manslaughter, depends on different circumstances. In English Law, there is no strict definition in explaining what intention is. Intention can be distinguish in two asp ects, which are direct intention and oblique intention. As mentioned before, both intentions are desire to aim at something. The main difference between them could be unsurprising side-effect would result in the oblique intention. Depends on different circumstance, the judge would convict different level of penalty.In general cases, the jury are not entitled to infer the intention of the defendants, however, apart from two situations, firstly, the result was a virtually certain result of the defendant’s acts, secondly, the defendant must realize that the result was a virtually certain result of the his act. Otherwise, the jury is not entitled to infer the intention of the defendant. Therefore, the case of R v Woollin and R v Matthews and Alleyne [2003] had clearly explained the law of intention in the criminal law. Table of casesDPP v Smith [1960] R v Matthews and Alleyne [2003] R v Mohan [1975] R v Moloney R V Nedrick [1986]. R v Woollin [1999] Reference Law teacher. (2012). Men's Rea Lecture-Intention. Retrieved 4 Nov, 2012, from: http://www. lawteacher. net/criminal-law/lecture-notes/mens-rea-lecture. php E Lawresources. (n. d. ). R v Woollin. Retrieved 4 Nov, 2012, from: http://e-lawresources. co. uk/R-v-Woollin. php E Lawresources. (n. d. ). R v Matthews and Alleyne. Retrieved 4 Nov, 2012, from: http://www. e-lawresources. co. uk/DPP-v-Smith. php

What Is a AAA Video Game

A triple-A video game (AAA) is generally a title developed by a large studio, funded by a massive budget. A simple way to think about AAA video games is to compare them to movie blockbusters. It costs a fortune to make an AAA game, just as it costs a fortune to make a new Marvel movie—but the anticipated returns make the outlay worthwhile. In order to recoup general development costs, publishers will generally produce the title for the major platforms (currently Microsofts Xbox, Sonys PlayStation, and the PC) to maximize profits. The exception to this rule is a game produced as a console exclusive, in which case the console maker will pay for exclusivity to offset the loss of potential profit to the developer. History of AAA Video Games Early computer games were simple, low-cost products that could be played by individuals or by multiple people in the same location. Graphics were simple or non-existent. The development of high-end, technically sophisticated consoles and the World Wide Web changed all that, turning computer games into complex, multi-player productions incorporating high-end graphics, video, and music. By the late 1990s, companies like EA and Sony were producing blockbuster video games expected to reach a huge audience and rake in serious profits. It was at that point that game makers started using the term AAA at conventions. Their idea was to build buzz and anticipation, and it worked: interest in video games soared, as did profits. During the 2000s, video game series became popular AAA titles. Examples of AAA series include Halo, Zelda, Call of Duty, and Grand Theft Auto. Many of these games are quite violent, drawing criticism from citizen groups concerned with their impact on youth. Triple I Video Games Not all popular video games are created by the makers of Play Station or XBox consoles. In fact, a significant and increasing number of popular games are created by independent companies. Independent (III or triple I) games are funded independently and the makers are thus freer to experiment with different types of games, themes, and technology. Independent video game makers have several other advantages: They are not reliant on franchises and sequels, so they can often reach new audiences;They are often able to build a high-end game with far lower costs than the big game makers;They are more flexible in their response to user feedback and can make changes rapidly. The Future of AAA Video Games Some reviewers note that the biggest AAA video game producers are running up against the same issues plaguing movie studios. When a project is built with a huge budget, the company cant afford a flop. As a result, games tend to be designed around what has worked in the past; this keeps the industry from reaching a wider range of users or exploring new themes or technologies. The result: some believe  that a growing number of AAA video games will actually be produced by independent companies who have the vision and flexibility to innovate and reach new audiences. Nevertheless, games based on existing series and blockbuster movies will not be disappearing anytime soon.

The New Angle On Video Essay Samples Just Released

The New Angle On Video Essay Samples Just Released If you discover that the writer did not provide precisely what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. A movie review writing guide provides the writer instructions on the best way to compose a movie review. Revising an assignment is crucial as it will help to clarify the major point together with ensures the readers' needs are satisfied. To begin with, don't provide an overview of a report. The deadline to file your video is March 1. Submissions won't be returned. They are limited to one video per student. The cost of an essay depends upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. For example, the entertainment market is now the biggest manufacturer and distributor of American ideological concepts. In the event the author is an individual, then their very first name is used first. Picking a topic can be challenging. The above is of fantastic significance, especially to students who think that critical essays should concentrate on the negative facets of a subject. Critical essay may also open novel ways on how best to approach the topic which can result in more appreciation of it. The Appeal of Video Essay Samples Besides the above, there's a feature of video games that could be a benefit and a drawback. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Only the very first video submitted by means of an employee is going to be entered in the contest. Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched. To start with, video games are among the best sources of entertainment as they're interactive (Rudon, 2011). Some who play violent video games participate in drug and alcohol abuse whereby they watch the video game for extended hours and wind up assaulting different folks. They make the players to internalize anxiety whenever they have issues whereby they do not feel comfortable sharing with other people to get help. They make many people to develop violence to other people, whereby they lose the feeling of helping others or showing empathy to other people. Students are made to compose critical essays on a range of topics. You might also take a look at scholarship essay examples. You may be interested in high school essay examples. In case you were requested to compose a vital essay about The Canterbury Tales, be sure you are conversant with the material. Material not in the video won't be considered. Stephen's essay is rather effective. The last Global winner is going to be selected from amongst the finalists. If you're to really gain from model essays, you will need to understand how to read the techniques of the writer'. There's an endless number of different essay topics that may be analyzed. Therefore, many students and employees decide to purchase affordable essay rather than writing it themselves. Writing a reaction paper can be a really challenging job, so many students use examples to find out more about its structure and key capabilities. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Every student demands help with homework from time to time. One of the most usual kinds of analysis that college and higher school students perform. It is a good idea to look for the one which has a fantastic reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical prices. When you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin trying to find a proper writer for your paper. With the assistance of such an outline, you will have the ability to understand how the paper will look like and will be capable of going from 1 paragraph to another smoothly. The second region of the paper is the point where the true work begins. The Little-Known Secrets to Video Essay Samples Writing a reaction paper may be true challenge, but at precisely the same time that it can help you to enhance your analytical abilities and share your opinion with the world! You may use the samples as a foundation for working out how to write in the right style. Therefore, an analytical essay is a bit of writing that supplies an informative observation about the particular topic or idea. Writing a critical essay gives us the opportunity to have a look at things from a different standpoint.

How the Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth...

How the Relationship Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Changes and Develops During the Course of the Play The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth alters throughout the play. At the beginning of the play Macbeth and Lady Macbeth were very close and loving. Lady Macbeth showed that she was supportive to Macbeth and encouraged him to kill Duncan in order to clear all obstacles that would get in the way of Macbeth becoming King! Macbeth is introduced as a brave soldier who is devoted to his King, while Lady Macbeth is introduced as a kind and loving wife, who underneath is actually a scheming and deceitful woman! At the beginning of the play, Lady Macbeth receives a letter from her husband†¦show more content†¦She manipulated Macbeth and challenged his feelings of guilt, trying to replace them with spiteful feelings. She says: Look like th innocent flower, but be the serpent undert. She tells Macbeth to put on a pleasant face and leave the rest to her. This shows that Lady Macbeth is the dominant character in the relationship at this point in the play. Lady Macbeth ordered her husband around, instructing him on how he should act, and encouraging him to betray his loyal and trusting leader, Duncan. I think one of the main reasons Lady Macbeth tried so hard to persuade Macbeth to kill Duncan was because she wanted the power and glory that came with being Queen, but knew that it could only be gained through Macbeth. In those days, females were seen as the weaker sex, and therefore could not play an important role in society. Macbeths conscience pricks him long before he carries out Duncans murder, and when he starts to have second thoughts about killing him, Lady Macbeth is furious and starts verbally assaulting Macbeths courage and manhood. I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have plucked my nipple from his boneless hums And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have done to this. 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The play follows her as her character and relationship with her tutor, Frank develop and change until she finally passes her exams and they part. Rita completely transforms herself through herRead MorePsychological Anxieties in English Literature Essay1965 Words   |  8 Pagesin the English literature were immensely appreciated by the public. In renaissance period the hero’s in Gorboduc, The Spanish tragedy, Hamlet Macbeth, if analyzed, their tragedy caused by fatal flaw in their character, similarly the hero’s in the modern novel like Ulysses, Maurice, The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock, Mrs Dalloway Portrait of a lady deals with their contemporary issues expressed through stream of consciousness their character’s suppressed and repressed physical and emotionalRead MoreHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 Pagesthe teacher or the course. If you are given a choice of topic, consider the following questions before choosing: a. 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The Cherokee Indians free essay sample

Their homeland included mountains and valleys in the southern part Of the Appalachian Mountain chain. Their territory stretched from North Carolina to Virginia to Tennessee, South Carolina and Alabama. They spoke a dialect of Iroquois language and their ancestral relatives (the Iroquois) occupied much of the Northeast cultural area. The name Cherokee was probably given to them by outsiders since the word Cherokee means, people of different speech The name the Cherokees had for themselves was Ann.-Yuan-way which means, real people. Villages were placed along rivers and streams so they could take advantage of the rich black soil for farming. Corn was their main source of food, along with wild plants and roots that were common to their homeland. They used spears, traps, and fishing lines with hooks to catch many different kinds of fish. They also used an interesting method of poisoning an area of water to kill the fish and gather them up as they floated to the surface. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cherokee Indians or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Cherokees were also skilled hunters. They hunted large animals, such as deer and bear, with bows and arrows.They covered themselves in entire Erikson, antlers and all, and used deer calls to lure the animals to them. They also hunted small game with blowguns that were accurate from up to 60 feet away. The products of their hunts were not only used for food, but for clothing as well. They dressed in buckskin shirts and skirts, made moccasins, capes and other items using their animal resources. Cherokee families usually had two houses- a large summer home and a smaller winter home. The summer houses were rectangular with peaked roofs, and clay walls. The winter houses were placed over a pit with a cone- shaped roof of poles and earth.The Cherokees practiced a variety of crafts, including basketwork and stamped pottery. They also carved, out of woods and gourds, masks representing good and evil spirits. These masks were used during their many hunting, agricultural and healing rituals. They held these ceremonies at key times of the year, such as harvest time. Each village was run by two chiefs. The White Chief, or Most Beloved Man helped the villagers make decisions concerning farming, lawmaking, and disputes between individuals, families, or clans. He also played a large role in religious ceremonies. The Red Chief gave advice concerning warfare. One such decision was choosing who would be the War Woman, an honored woman chosen to accompany braves on their war parties. The War Woman did not fight, but helped feed the men, offered them council, and decided which prisoners would live or die. The Red Chief was also in charge of the lacrosse games which were called little wars. Lacrosse was played within tribes and against other tribes. It is one of the first known friendly competitions between Indian tribes. Hernandez De Sotto was the first European explorer to come into contact with he Cherokees, when he arrived in their territory in 1540.The Europeans were very impressed with the highly advanced cultures. Relations with outsiders started off wonderfully with the Cherokees. They learned from the settlers around them and adopted new methods of farming and business. They became faithful allies of the Americans and fought with them in numerous wars. In fact, a Cherokee chief named Sandusky personally saved the life of future president Andrew Jackson. In 1820, they established a republican form of government and founded the Cherokee Nation under a institution, with an elected principal chief, a senate and a house of representatives.Much of this work was done by a man named See ayah who developed a written language so the Cherokee could record and document their government. He is the only person in history to single handedly invent an entire alphabet. Despite the changes and great attempts to adapt and fit in, the Cherokees were discriminated against. When gold was discovered near Daylong, Georgia, the whites called for the relocation of the Cherokee. In 1 830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act despite having had is own life saved by these Indians.This relocation is known as the Trail of Tears, and is the subject of much discussion and debate. Over 1/4th of the entire Cherokee population died out during this relocation. The Trail of Tears was not the only injustice enacted upon them. Originally, the relocation was supposed to be a permanent homeland for various tribes. The promised region included what is today, Arkansas, Missouri and Iowa. However, these lands were slowly reduced and taken away from the Indians too. By 1 889, two million acres had been bought from the Indians at deciduously low prices.The Oklahoma land run took place that year, with settlers lining up at a starting point to race for choice pieces. These lifestyles, major events and other minor ones became the source and reason behind the stories told by Indians. Many stories and poems reflected happenings in their lives and feelings they had. Indian literature allows us to see and feel what the Indians had to go through. Much of the literature they had was passed on orally. This is unfortunate since you lose so much meaning and feeling when reading something rather than having it told to you out loud.

To what extent did Hitlers Policies attract working class support between 1933 and 1939 Essay Example

To what extent did Hitlers Policies attract working class support between 1933 and 1939 Essay It has been argued that resentment amongst the working classes made this group most resistant to the Nazi regime. Growing resentment seemed apparent in the late thirties, in industrial slowdowns, but it fails to accurately reflect the general sentiment amongst workers. Declining working class support was arguably inevitable when economic promises went unfulfilled, as most historians agree efforts to instill Nazi ideology were least effective amongst workers. Many industrial workers remained influenced by enduring affiliations to the opposing ideology of Communism and its class struggle. These values represented a barrier to support, which Bartov argued policy could never overcome: making the working class issue, the most significant case in point as regards the Nazi Regimes failure1 to overcome class boundaries.The lack of ideological commitment amongst workers prompted Hitlers grandiose economic promises. Support was therefore constantly reliant on economics and the ability to creat e jobs in the midst of a depression. This made support fragile and temporary: propaganda emphasis on workers importance provided little comfort during economic instability. Leisure opportunities provided by Strength Through Joy (KdF) were received gratefully, and although ideological impact was limited, the scheme convinced some workers conditions were improving under the regime. Just like the initial economic recovery, its effect was superficial support limited, as the regimes values failed to penetrate working class psyche. Ultimately, this failure to instill ideology placed too great a burden on economic policy, which could not be maintained given the priority of preparing for war.The fulcrum of Hitlers social policies for workers was the creation of jobs and wage increases to reflect recovery of the national economy and pride. There was recognition of the range of concerns amongst German workers with the propaganda effort stressing the relative merits of different sectors on top of the incessant emphasis on the importance of workers more generally. In particular, Hitler had built up the peasantry2 making them central to the Peoples Community, but insistence upon job creation schemes and economic stability was arguably more influential. Mason argued that many workers were convinced by the Nazi economic miracle and that this was perhaps an inevitable product of the uncertainty of the recent depths of the Depression3. We may suspect exaggeration of the economic factor from a Marxist historian, but he is correct to stress the strong position the regime had. The economic uncertainty allowed Hitler to be portrayed as a savior, but this connection arguably made his support fragile as economic progress was not guaranteed. However, a temporary fulfillment of key economic promises increased working class support and ensured enormous personal gains mainly perhaps among workers4 for Hitler in the early years where security was established. This recognition reveals tha t the early years enhanced the Fuhrers aura as a man of action in whom workers could trust.However nominal hourly wages in 1933 were 97 per cent of19325 and in this regard the miracle was not realized in tangible economic terms. Therefore as early as 1935 SOPADE reported economic uncertainty placed great strain on the mental strength.6 The SOPADE reports naturally contained a sentiment opposed to the regime as an extension of their political endeavors. Operating within industrial centres, they witnessed genuinely negative sentiment, which they frequently exaggerated. Kershaw recognized a playing down of genuine approval7, which must be considered when evaluating workers support. The disenfranchisement of SOPADE was seen in the description of an initially positive working class response to the socio-economic policy as a mystery8. This showed security and stability could overcome reservations over the regime. While support fluctuated across different industries the enduring trend was insistence upon the centrality of economics. Kershaw argued discontent rooted in socio-economic experience [was] remarkable9, highlighting wage increases as priority. Housden assessed factors which ensured workers compliance: propaganda incentives, food and Gestapo surveillance10. However, relatively little insight is provided without evaluating their relative importance which varied widely by time and location. He shows economic stability was not alone in attracting workers support, but initially it was decisive.Any possibility of cohesive working class resistance effectively ended with the 1934 abolition of trade unions and centralization of power through the DAF. This policy revealed urgency of decisively minimizing workers resistance. Having promised to, build upworkers rights11 this removal of political expression was not immediately contradictory given propaganda which aligned it with Volksgemeinschaft. Portrayed as a key step toward ending class conflict, the restructuring in fact represented a major victory for the employers, whose heightened responsibility reflected Hitlers insistence on efficiency for rearmament and a willingness to act at the expense of the employee12 in pursuit of grander targets. In this sense, the Law could be viewed as necessary in preventing cohesive opposition. In spite of an ideological insistence which convinced wealthier workers, a high proportion of industrial workers remained firmly, but impotently opposed.Mason, whose insistence on class struggle demands caution, argued the law inevitably produced a legacy of deep bitterness13; which is a valid historical judgment in this instance, combining the emotional impact of this act with pre-existing oppositional sentiment. The disposition of older industrial workers could not be overturned by the propaganda of Ley, Germany has sung the praises of the working man14 which appeared hypocritical given the removal of rights. The reputation of the DAF was damaged by institutionalize d corruption which heightened animosity amongst those workers forced to sustain it15. Evans insistence on compulsion explains enduring hostility. Whilst the DAF could efficiently distribute ideological doctrine, its foundations established resentment amongst industrial workers which accentuated their existing commitment to class struggle. Removal of trade unions was unpopular but cruelly ended the possibility for legal objection and so served its function for the regime.Social policies like KdF were signaled as examples of increased opportunities for the working classes and this was intended to increase support for a regime. Hitler proclaimed publicly, I wish that the worker be granted a sufficient holiday16 and although this has the obvious propagandist intention of highlighting improving workers conditions: arguably, Hitler truly believed he could break class barriers and thereby legitimize his dictatorship. This assessment portrays Hitler manipulating the utopian sentiment to pro tect his own reputation: the contemporary view of KdF as a clever appeal to unpolitical workers 17 reinforces this notion.It had been stated it would insert an ideological content into every kind of leisure18, but to workers with no concept of class struggle, the opportunity of middle class leisure activities alone was enough to convince of a concerted effort to improve conditions and this SOPADE account reflects resignation to attraction of superficial policies for less ideologically opposed workers. SOPADE reports are fascinating due to the variety of opinion which was obtained by their national investigations. One report claimed workers felt sand [was] being thrown in their eyes19. This could imply KdF was largely unpopular, or that while its propagandist intentions were too apparent, its benefits and emphasis on workers livelihood encouraged greater sympathy with the regime. Ultimately these reports reflect despair that by 1939 social policy had increased workers support: overpo wering negative reaction to reduced freedoms.Popularity seems validated by participating numbers: almost 7million short trips in 193820, but ideological infiltration is inherently unquantifiable. Enjoyment of holidays provided only a temporary morale boost and could not affect significant changes in political disposition, in the long term. On top of this generality, the older industrial workers were too deeply imbued with Marxist ideas of class conflict to yield directly to its appeal21, which confirms Evans judgment that superficial social policy would inevitably fail in its wider propaganda function. This imbalance in political sentiment actually led KdF to accentuate class differences amongst workers and the nation as a whole. SOPADE observed middle classes chosing trips with a more select clientele22, which clarifies existing prejudices and the lack of integration which arguably represented failure. Hitler defied these reports in 1939, arguing, We have broken down classes23, but the obvious need to prepare a nation for war implies this goes beyond mere wishful thinking.Although Kershaw argued that such social propaganda, made little dent in traditional class loyalties24; the correspondence of Christina Bielenberg who sensed, social divisions are melting25, illustrates that even opponents of the regime observed progress. Whereas SOPADE arguably manipulated workers sentiment, this personal perception contains no obvious bias and remains relevant in spite of its limitation. No single observation could illustrate the true situation but Kershaw arguably marginalizes the range of support to insist disproportionately upon class solidarity. Nonetheless it is now clear that the lasting impact of social policy was to accentuate class differences. This was apparent throughout KdF and even through the charitable Winterhilfe scheme which showed a commitment to easing poverty. Donations were obtained through social obligation and this placed unfair pressure on poorer wo rking classes who were equally compelled.Failure of social policys propaganda was arguably produced by cynicism that they distracted from limited economic progress. Its compensatory function was not realized only by SOPADE, as there was also recognition within the DAF that holidays, could not fill hungry mouths26, with the implication that funds could have been used more responsibly. Evans uses statistics and written accounts to validate the contemporary judgment amongst working class that social policies substituted wage increases. Nazis attempted insisted upon a consideration of [the] position the workers 27 in a piece of propaganda reasserting the National Community, which failed to convince workers. What workers were convinced by, temporarily and superficially, was the opportunity to escape everyday life and although this effect extended even to the most resistant workers, it did not represent ideological submission.The influence of war preparations had a multi-faceted impact up on attempts to create the National Community. Evans argued effectiveness of social measures was limited because they were ruthlessly subordinated28 to rearmament. The relationship is more complicated however as the war provided jobs for the working class and boosted the reputation of Hitler through successes like the annexing of Austria. Although weapons production ensured new jobs, they were only temporary: and meanwhile other industries suffered. So, while some benefited short term, the perceived importance of war encouraged the regime to delay reforms reliant on lebensraum. This necessary delaying also encouraged the temporary, compensatory policies like KdF which had limited impact.Bartov noted the Workers resistance has been signalled as a demonstration of the regimes failure,29 but subliminally criticizes historians like Mason, who arguably attributed too much significance to rising absenteeism. Masons Marxist background presents itself in an insistence upon class struggle, bu t his judgment of, a massive, but not a fundamental, principled challenge to the regime30, is suitably balanced and accurate. Mason justifies his argument by detailing the extent of the resistance through statistical evidence and his assessment is strengthened by Housdens argument, worker unrest never became really unmanageable for the regime31.Importantly, The Gestapos influence and the willingness to use violence arguably meant disorganized opposition could never have presented a significant problem. SOPADE reported, The number of those who consciously criticize is very small32 which reinforces the levels of fear which produced passive compliance despite ideological resistance. The emergence of widespread resistance in the late 1930s reflected the inability of social policies to undermine the class struggle, but also illustrated the regimes ability to prevent significant resistance.The workers resistance was in itself unremarkable; representing inevitable resurfacing of barely-hid den Communist allegiances amongst industrial workers. Residual oppositional sentiment could not be shaken by social policies frequently dismissed as non-too-subtle propaganda. KdF appealed to a certain sentiment and encouraged increased support, but the superficiality and often negative economic impact failed to satisfy the poorest workers. Propaganda thus represented a blunt tool to attract wider support, and as a result the regime generally had to rely on tangible economic improvement and the instruments of repression to provide the required stability for the war effort. Overall, measures to attract support were marginally successful, but this arguably meant little in any case given the instruments of oppression at the regimes disposal.